Add the "arena.<i>.chunk_hooks" mallctl, which replaces and expands on
the "arena.<i>.chunk.{alloc,dalloc,purge}" mallctls. The chunk hooks
allow control over chunk allocation/deallocation, decommit/commit,
purging, and splitting/merging, such that the application can rely on
jemalloc's internal chunk caching and retaining functionality, yet
implement a variety of chunk management mechanisms and policies.
Merge the chunks_[sz]ad_{mmap,dss} red-black trees into
chunks_[sz]ad_retained. This slightly reduces how hard jemalloc tries
to honor the dss precedence setting; prior to this change the precedence
setting was also consulted when recycling chunks.
Fix chunk purging. Don't purge chunks in arena_purge_stashed(); instead
deallocate them in arena_unstash_purged(), so that the dirty memory
linkage remains valid until after the last time it is used.
This resolves#176 and #201.
This effectively reverts 97c04a9383 (Use
first-fit rather than first-best-fit run/chunk allocation.). In some
pathological cases, first-fit search dominates allocation time, and it
also tends not to converge as readily on a steady state of memory
layout, since precise allocation order has a bigger effect than for
first-best-fit.
- Set opt_lg_chunk based on run-time OS setting
- Verify LG_PAGE is compatible with run-time OS setting
- When targeting Windows Vista or newer, use SRWLOCK instead of CRITICAL_SECTION
- When targeting Windows Vista or newer, statically initialize init_lock
Add mallctls:
- arenas.lg_dirty_mult is initialized via opt.lg_dirty_mult, and can be
modified to change the initial lg_dirty_mult setting for newly created
arenas.
- arena.<i>.lg_dirty_mult controls an individual arena's dirty page
purging threshold, and synchronously triggers any purging that may be
necessary to maintain the constraint.
- arena.<i>.chunk.purge allows the per arena dirty page purging function
to be replaced.
This resolves#93.
This tends to more effectively pack active memory toward low addresses.
However, additional tree searches are required in many cases, so whether
this change stands the test of time will depend on real-world
benchmarks.
Treat sizes that round down to the same size class as size-equivalent
in trees that are used to search for first best fit, so that there are
only as many "firsts" as there are size classes. This comes closer to
the ideal of first fit.
Rename "dirty chunks" to "cached chunks", in order to avoid overloading
the term "dirty".
Fix the regression caused by 339c2b23b2
(Fix chunk_unmap() to propagate dirty state.), and actually address what
that change attempted, which is to only purge chunks once, and propagate
whether zeroed pages resulted into chunk_record().
Fix chunk_unmap() to propagate whether a chunk is dirty, and modify
dirty chunk purging to record this information so it can be passed to
chunk_unmap(). Since the broken version of chunk_unmap() claimed that
all chunks were clean, this resulted in potential memory corruption for
purging implementations that do not zero (e.g. MADV_FREE).
This regression was introduced by
ee41ad409a (Integrate whole chunks into
unused dirty page purging machinery.).
Extend per arena unused dirty page purging to manage unused dirty chunks
in aaddtion to unused dirty runs. Rather than immediately unmapping
deallocated chunks (or purging them in the --disable-munmap case), store
them in a separate set of trees, chunks_[sz]ad_dirty. Preferrentially
allocate dirty chunks. When excessive unused dirty pages accumulate,
purge runs and chunks in ingegrated LRU order (and unmap chunks in the
--enable-munmap case).
Refactor extent_node_t to provide accessor functions.
8ddc93293c switched this to over using the
address tree in order to avoid false negatives, so it now needs to check
that the size of the free extent is large enough to satisfy the request.
Migrate all centralized data structures related to huge allocations and
recyclable chunks into arena_t, so that each arena can manage huge
allocations and recyclable virtual memory completely independently of
other arenas.
Add chunk node caching to arenas, in order to avoid contention on the
base allocator.
Use chunks_rtree to look up huge allocations rather than a red-black
tree. Maintain a per arena unsorted list of huge allocations (which
will be needed to enumerate huge allocations during arena reset).
Remove the --enable-ivsalloc option, make ivsalloc() always available,
and use it for size queries if --enable-debug is enabled. The only
practical implications to this removal are that 1) ivsalloc() is now
always available during live debugging (and the underlying radix tree is
available during core-based debugging), and 2) size query validation can
no longer be enabled independent of --enable-debug.
Remove the stats.chunks.{current,total,high} mallctls, and replace their
underlying statistics with simpler atomically updated counters used
exclusively for gdump triggering. These statistics are no longer very
useful because each arena manages chunks independently, and per arena
statistics provide similar information.
Simplify chunk synchronization code, now that base chunk allocation
cannot cause recursive lock acquisition.
Recent huge allocation refactoring associates huge allocations with
arenas, but it remains necessary to quickly look up huge allocation
metadata during reallocation/deallocation. A global radix tree remains
a good solution to this problem, but locking would have become the
primary bottleneck after (upcoming) migration of chunk management from
global to per arena data structures.
This lock-free implementation uses double-checked reads to traverse the
tree, so that in the steady state, each read or write requires only a
single atomic operation.
This implementation also assures that no more than two tree levels
actually exist, through a combination of careful virtual memory
allocation which makes large sparse nodes cheap, and skipping the root
node on x64 (possible because the top 16 bits are all 0 in practice).
Refactor base_alloc() to guarantee that allocations are carved from
demand-zeroed virtual memory. This supports sparse data structures such
as multi-page radix tree nodes.
Enhance base_alloc() to keep track of fragments which were too small to
support previous allocation requests, and try to consume them during
subsequent requests. This becomes important when request sizes commonly
approach or exceed the chunk size (as could radix tree node
allocations).
Fix chunk_recycle()'s new_addr functionality to search by address rather
than just size if new_addr is specified. The functionality added by
a95018ee81 (Attempt to expand huge
allocations in-place.) only worked if the two search orders happened to
return the same results (e.g. in simple test cases).
This feature makes it possible to toggle the gdump feature on/off during
program execution, whereas the the opt.prof_dump mallctl value can only
be set during program startup.
This resolves#72.
Avoid calling chunk_recycle() for mmap()ed chunks if config_munmap is
disabled, in which case there are never any recyclable chunks.
This resolves#164.
This provides in-place expansion of huge allocations when the end of the
allocation is at the end of the sbrk heap. There's already the ability
to extend in-place via recycled chunks but this handles the initial
growth of the heap via repeated vector / string reallocations.
A possible future extension could allow realloc to go from the following:
| huge allocation | recycled chunks |
^ dss_end
To a larger allocation built from recycled *and* new chunks:
| huge allocation |
^ dss_end
Doing that would involve teaching the chunk recycling code to request
new chunks to satisfy the request. The chunk_dss code wouldn't require
any further changes.
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
size_t chunk = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
void *ptr = NULL;
for (size_t size = chunk; size < chunk * 128; size *= 2) {
ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
if (!ptr) return 1;
}
}
dss:secondary: 0.083s
dss:primary: 0.083s
After:
dss:secondary: 0.083s
dss:primary: 0.003s
The dss heap grows in the upwards direction, so the oldest chunks are at
the low addresses and they are used first. Linux prefers to grow the
mmap heap downwards, so the trick will not work in the *current* mmap
chunk allocator as a huge allocation will only be at the top of the heap
in a contrived case.
Abstract arenas access to use arena_get() (or a0get() where appropriate)
rather than directly reading e.g. arenas[ind]. Prior to the addition of
the arenas.extend mallctl, the worst possible outcome of directly
accessing arenas was a stale read, but arenas.extend may allocate and
assign a new array to arenas.
Add a tsd-based arenas_cache, which amortizes arenas reads. This
introduces some subtle bootstrapping issues, with tsd_boot() now being
split into tsd_boot[01]() to support tsd wrapper allocation
bootstrapping, as well as an arenas_cache_bypass tsd variable which
dynamically terminates allocation of arenas_cache itself.
Promote a0malloc(), a0calloc(), and a0free() to be generally useful for
internal allocation, and use them in several places (more may be
appropriate).
Abstract arena->nthreads management and fix a missing decrement during
thread destruction (recent tsd refactoring left arenas_cleanup()
unused).
Change arena_choose() to propagate OOM, and handle OOM in all callers.
This is important for providing consistent allocation behavior when the
MALLOCX_ARENA() flag is being used. Prior to this fix, it was possible
for an OOM to result in allocation silently allocating from a different
arena than the one specified.
Normalize size classes to use the same number of size classes per size
doubling (currently hard coded to 4), across the intire range of size
classes. Small size classes already used this spacing, but in order to
support this change, additional small size classes now fill [4 KiB .. 16
KiB). Large size classes range from [16 KiB .. 4 MiB). Huge size
classes now support non-multiples of the chunk size in order to fill (4
MiB .. 16 MiB).
This adds support for expanding huge allocations in-place by requesting
memory at a specific address from the chunk allocator.
It's currently only implemented for the chunk recycling path, although
in theory it could also be done by optimistically allocating new chunks.
On Linux, it could attempt an in-place mremap. However, that won't work
in practice since the heap is grown downwards and memory is not unmapped
(in a normal build, at least).
Repeated vector reallocation micro-benchmark:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
void *ptr = NULL;
size_t old_size = 0;
for (size_t size = 4; size < (1 << 30); size *= 2) {
ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
if (!ptr) return 1;
memset(ptr + old_size, 0xff, size - old_size);
old_size = size;
}
free(ptr);
}
}
The glibc allocator fails to do any in-place reallocations on this
benchmark once it passes the M_MMAP_THRESHOLD (default 128k) but it
elides the cost of copies via mremap, which is currently not something
that jemalloc can use.
With this improvement, jemalloc still fails to do any in-place huge
reallocations for the first outer loop, but then succeeds 100% of the
time for the remaining 99 iterations. The time spent doing allocations
and copies drops down to under 5%, with nearly all of it spent doing
purging + faulting (when huge pages are disabled) and the array memset.
An improved mremap API (MREMAP_RETAIN - #138) would be far more general
but this is a portable optimization and would still be useful on Linux
for xallocx.
Numbers with transparent huge pages enabled:
glibc (copies elided via MREMAP_MAYMOVE): 8.471s
jemalloc: 17.816s
jemalloc + no-op madvise: 13.236s
jemalloc + this commit: 6.787s
jemalloc + this commit + no-op madvise: 6.144s
Numbers with transparent huge pages disabled:
glibc (copies elided via MREMAP_MAYMOVE): 15.403s
jemalloc: 39.456s
jemalloc + no-op madvise: 12.768s
jemalloc + this commit: 15.534s
jemalloc + this commit + no-op madvise: 6.354s
Closes#137
Refactor huge allocation to be managed by arenas (though the global
red-black tree of huge allocations remains for lookup during
deallocation). This is the logical conclusion of recent changes that 1)
made per arena dss precedence apply to huge allocation, and 2) made it
possible to replace the per arena chunk allocation/deallocation
functions.
Remove the top level huge stats, and replace them with per arena huge
stats.
Normalize function names and types to *dalloc* (some were *dealloc*).
Remove the --enable-mremap option. As jemalloc currently operates, this
is a performace regression for some applications, but planned work to
logarithmically space huge size classes should provide similar amortized
performance. The motivation for this change was that mremap-based huge
reallocation forced leaky abstractions that prevented refactoring.
Add new mallctl endpoints "arena<i>.chunk.alloc" and
"arena<i>.chunk.dealloc" to allow userspace to configure
jemalloc's chunk allocator and deallocator on a per-arena
basis.
Forcefully disable tcache if running inside Valgrind, and remove
Valgrind calls in tcache-specific code.
Restructure Valgrind-related code to move most Valgrind calls out of the
fast path functions.
Take advantage of static knowledge to elide some branches in
JEMALLOC_VALGRIND_REALLOC().
Make dss non-optional on all platforms which support sbrk(2).
Fix the "arena.<i>.dss" mallctl to return an error if "primary" or
"secondary" precedence is specified, but sbrk(2) is not supported.
Reduce rtree memory usage by storing booleans (1 byte each) rather than
pointers. The rtree code is only used to record whether jemalloc manages
a chunk of memory, so there's no need to store pointers in the rtree.
Increase rtree node size to 64 KiB in order to reduce tree depth from 13
to 3 on 64-bit systems. The conversion to more compact leaf nodes was
enough by itself to make the rtree depth 1 on 32-bit systems; due to the
fact that root nodes are smaller than the specified node size if
possible, the node size change has no impact on 32-bit systems (assuming
default chunk size).
Fix a compiler warning in chunk_record() that was due to reading node
rather than xnode. In practice this did not cause any correctness
issue, but dataflow analysis in some compilers cannot tell that node and
xnode are always equal in cases that the read is reached.
Fix chunk_record() to unlock chunks_mtx before deallocating a base
node, in order to avoid potential deadlock. This fix addresses the
second of two similar bugs.
Fix a chunk recycling bug that could cause the allocator to lose track
of whether a chunk was zeroed. On FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OS X, it could
cause corruption if allocating via sbrk(2) (unlikely unless running with
the "dss:primary" option specified). This was completely harmless on
Linux unless using mlockall(2) (and unlikely even then, unless the
--disable-munmap configure option or the "dss:primary" option was
specified). This regression was introduced in 3.1.0 by the
mlockall(2)/madvise(2) interaction fix.
Move validation of supposedly zeroed pages from chunk_alloc() to
chunk_recycle(). There is little point to validating newly mapped
memory returned by chunk_alloc_mmap(), and memory that comes from sbrk()
is explicitly zeroed, so there is little risk to assuming that
chunk_alloc_dss() actually does the zeroing properly.
This relaxation of validation can make a big difference to application
startup time and overall system usage on platforms that use jemalloc as
the system allocator (namely FreeBSD).
Submitted by Ian Lepore <ian@FreeBSD.org>.
Fix chunk_recycyle() to unconditionally inform Valgrind that returned
memory is undefined. This fixes Valgrind warnings that would result
from a huge allocation being freed, then recycled for use as an arena
chunk. The arena code would write metadata to the chunk header, and
Valgrind would consider these invalid writes.
Add the "arenas.extend" mallctl, so that it is possible to create new
arenas that are outside the set that jemalloc automatically multiplexes
threads onto.
Add the ALLOCM_ARENA() flag for {,r,d}allocm(), so that it is possible
to explicitly allocate from a particular arena.
Add the "opt.dss" mallctl, which controls the default precedence of dss
allocation relative to mmap allocation.
Add the "arena.<i>.dss" mallctl, which makes it possible to set the
default dss precedence on a per arena or global basis.
Add the "arena.<i>.purge" mallctl, which obsoletes "arenas.purge".
Add the "stats.arenas.<i>.dss" mallctl.
Add a library constructor for jemalloc that initializes the allocator.
This fixes a race that could occur if threads were created by the main
thread prior to any memory allocation, followed by fork(2), and then
memory allocation in the child process.
Fix the prefork/postfork functions to acquire/release the ctl, prof, and
rtree mutexes. This fixes various fork() child process deadlocks, but
one possible deadlock remains (intentionally) unaddressed: prof
backtracing can acquire runtime library mutexes, so deadlock is still
possible if heap profiling is enabled during fork(). This deadlock is
known to be a real issue in at least the case of libgcc-based
backtracing.
Reported by tfengjun.
mlockall(2) can cause purging via madvise(2) to fail. Fix purging code
to check whether madvise() succeeded, and base zeroed page metadata on
the result.
Reported by Olivier Lecomte.
