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Jason Evans 122449b073 Implement Valgrind support, redzones, and quarantine. 
Implement Valgrind support, as well as the redzone and quarantine
features, which help Valgrind detect memory errors.  Redzones are only
implemented for small objects because the changes necessary to support
redzones around large and huge objects are complicated by in-place
reallocation, to the point that it isn't clear that the maintenance
burden is worth the incremental improvement to Valgrind support.

Merge arena_salloc() and arena_salloc_demote().

Refactor i[v]salloc() to expose the 'demote' option.
2012-04-11 11:46:18 -07:00

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<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl"
href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/docbook.xsl"?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
]>
<refentry>
<refentryinfo>
<title>User Manual</title>
<productname>jemalloc</productname>
<releaseinfo role="version">@jemalloc_version@</releaseinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jason</firstname>
<surname>Evans</surname>
<personblurb>Author</personblurb>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>JEMALLOC</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refdescriptor>jemalloc</refdescriptor>
<refname>jemalloc</refname>
<!-- Each refname causes a man page file to be created. Only if this were
the system malloc(3) implementation would these files be appropriate.
<refname>malloc</refname>
<refname>calloc</refname>
<refname>posix_memalign</refname>
<refname>aligned_alloc</refname>
<refname>realloc</refname>
<refname>free</refname>
<refname>malloc_usable_size</refname>
<refname>malloc_stats_print</refname>
<refname>mallctl</refname>
<refname>mallctlnametomib</refname>
<refname>mallctlbymib</refname>
<refname>allocm</refname>
<refname>rallocm</refname>
<refname>sallocm</refname>
<refname>dallocm</refname>
<refname>nallocm</refname>
-->
<refpurpose>general purpose memory allocation functions</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsect1 id="library">
<title>LIBRARY</title>
<para>This manual describes jemalloc @jemalloc_version@. More information
can be found at the <ulink
url="http://www.canonware.com/jemalloc/">jemalloc website</ulink>.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<title>SYNOPSIS</title>
<funcsynopsis>
<funcsynopsisinfo>#include &lt;<filename class="headerfile">stdlib.h</filename>&gt;
#include &lt;<filename class="headerfile">jemalloc/jemalloc.h</filename>&gt;</funcsynopsisinfo>
<refsect2>
<title>Standard API</title>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void *<function>malloc</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void *<function>calloc</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>number</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>posix_memalign</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void **<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>alignment</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void *<function>aligned_alloc</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>alignment</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void *<function>realloc</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void <function>free</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Non-standard API</title>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>size_t <function>malloc_usable_size</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>const void *<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void <function>malloc_stats_print</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void <parameter>(*write_cb)</parameter>
<funcparams>void *, const char *</funcparams>
</paramdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>cbopaque</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>const char *<parameter>opts</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>mallctl</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>oldp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>oldlenp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>newp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>newlen</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>mallctlnametomib</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>mibp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>miblenp</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>mallctlbymib</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>const size_t *<parameter>mib</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>miblen</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>oldp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>oldlenp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>newp</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>newlen</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>void <function>(*malloc_message)</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>cbopaque</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>const char *<parameter>s</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<para><type>const char *</type><varname>malloc_conf</varname>;</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Experimental API</title>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>allocm</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void **<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>rsize</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>int <parameter>flags</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>rallocm</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void **<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>rsize</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>extra</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>int <parameter>flags</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>sallocm</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>const void *<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>rsize</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>int <parameter>flags</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>dallocm</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>void *<parameter>ptr</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>int <parameter>flags</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
<funcprototype>
<funcdef>int <function>nallocm</function></funcdef>
<paramdef>size_t *<parameter>rsize</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>size_t <parameter>size</parameter></paramdef>
<paramdef>int <parameter>flags</parameter></paramdef>
</funcprototype>
</refsect2>
</funcsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1 id="description">
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
<refsect2>
<title>Standard API</title>
<para>The <function>malloc<parameter/></function> function allocates
<parameter>size</parameter> bytes of uninitialized memory. The allocated
space is suitably aligned (after possible pointer coercion) for storage
of any type of object.</para>
<para>The <function>calloc<parameter/></function> function allocates
space for <parameter>number</parameter> objects, each
<parameter>size</parameter> bytes in length. The result is identical to
calling <function>malloc<parameter/></function> with an argument of
<parameter>number</parameter> * <parameter>size</parameter>, with the
exception that the allocated memory is explicitly initialized to zero
bytes.</para>
<para>The <function>posix_memalign<parameter/></function> function
allocates <parameter>size</parameter> bytes of memory such that the
allocation's base address is an even multiple of
<parameter>alignment</parameter>, and returns the allocation in the value
pointed to by <parameter>ptr</parameter>. The requested
<parameter>alignment</parameter> must be a power of 2 at least as large
as <code language="C">sizeof(<type>void *</type>)</code>.</para>
<para>The <function>aligned_alloc<parameter/></function> function
allocates <parameter>size</parameter> bytes of memory such that the
allocation's base address is an even multiple of
<parameter>alignment</parameter>. The requested
<parameter>alignment</parameter> must be a power of 2. Behavior is
undefined if <parameter>size</parameter> is not an integral multiple of
<parameter>alignment</parameter>.</para>
<para>The <function>realloc<parameter/></function> function changes the
size of the previously allocated memory referenced by
<parameter>ptr</parameter> to <parameter>size</parameter> bytes. The
contents of the memory are unchanged up to the lesser of the new and old
sizes. If the new size is larger, the contents of the newly allocated
portion of the memory are undefined. Upon success, the memory referenced
by <parameter>ptr</parameter> is freed and a pointer to the newly
allocated memory is returned. Note that
<function>realloc<parameter/></function> may move the memory allocation,
resulting in a different return value than <parameter>ptr</parameter>.
If <parameter>ptr</parameter> is <constant>NULL</constant>, the
<function>realloc<parameter/></function> function behaves identically to
<function>malloc<parameter/></function> for the specified size.</para>
<para>The <function>free<parameter/></function> function causes the
allocated memory referenced by <parameter>ptr</parameter> to be made
available for future allocations. If <parameter>ptr</parameter> is
<constant>NULL</constant>, no action occurs.</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Non-standard API</title>
<para>The <function>malloc_usable_size<parameter/></function> function
returns the usable size of the allocation pointed to by
<parameter>ptr</parameter>. The return value may be larger than the size
that was requested during allocation. The
<function>malloc_usable_size<parameter/></function> function is not a
mechanism for in-place <function>realloc<parameter/></function>; rather
it is provided solely as a tool for introspection purposes. Any
discrepancy between the requested allocation size and the size reported
by <function>malloc_usable_size<parameter/></function> should not be
depended on, since such behavior is entirely implementation-dependent.
</para>
<para>The <function>malloc_stats_print<parameter/></function> function
writes human-readable summary statistics via the
<parameter>write_cb</parameter> callback function pointer and
<parameter>cbopaque</parameter> data passed to
<parameter>write_cb</parameter>, or
<function>malloc_message<parameter/></function> if
<parameter>write_cb</parameter> is <constant>NULL</constant>. This
function can be called repeatedly. General information that never
changes during execution can be omitted by specifying "g" as a character
within the <parameter>opts</parameter> string. Note that
<function>malloc_message<parameter/></function> uses the
<function>mallctl*<parameter/></function> functions internally, so
inconsistent statistics can be reported if multiple threads use these
functions simultaneously. If <option>--enable-stats</option> is
specified during configuration, &ldquo;m&rdquo; and &ldquo;a&rdquo; can
be specified to omit merged arena and per arena statistics, respectively;
&ldquo;b&rdquo; and &ldquo;l&rdquo; can be specified to omit per size
class statistics for bins and large objects, respectively. Unrecognized
characters are silently ignored. Note that thread caching may prevent
some statistics from being completely up to date, since extra locking
would be required to merge counters that track thread cache operations.
</para>
<para>The <function>mallctl<parameter/></function> function provides a
general interface for introspecting the memory allocator, as well as
setting modifiable parameters and triggering actions. The
period-separated <parameter>name</parameter> argument specifies a
location in a tree-structured namespace; see the <xref
linkend="mallctl_namespace" xrefstyle="template:%t"/> section for
documentation on the tree contents. To read a value, pass a pointer via
<parameter>oldp</parameter> to adequate space to contain the value, and a
pointer to its length via <parameter>oldlenp</parameter>; otherwise pass
<constant>NULL</constant> and <constant>NULL</constant>. Similarly, to
write a value, pass a pointer to the value via
<parameter>newp</parameter>, and its length via
<parameter>newlen</parameter>; otherwise pass <constant>NULL</constant>
and <constant>0</constant>.</para>
<para>The <function>mallctlnametomib<parameter/></function> function
provides a way to avoid repeated name lookups for applications that
repeatedly query the same portion of the namespace, by translating a name
to a &ldquo;Management Information Base&rdquo; (MIB) that can be passed
repeatedly to <function>mallctlbymib<parameter/></function>. Upon
successful return from <function>mallctlnametomib<parameter/></function>,
<parameter>mibp</parameter> contains an array of
<parameter>*miblenp</parameter> integers, where
<parameter>*miblenp</parameter> is the lesser of the number of components
in <parameter>name</parameter> and the input value of
<parameter>*miblenp</parameter>. Thus it is possible to pass a
<parameter>*miblenp</parameter> that is smaller than the number of
period-separated name components, which results in a partial MIB that can
be used as the basis for constructing a complete MIB. For name
components that are integers (e.g. the 2 in
<link
linkend="arenas.bin.i.size"><mallctl>arenas.bin.2.size</mallctl></link>),
the corresponding MIB component will always be that integer. Therefore,
it is legitimate to construct code like the following: <programlisting
language="C"><![CDATA[
unsigned nbins, i;
int mib[4];
size_t len, miblen;
len = sizeof(nbins);
mallctl("arenas.nbins", &nbins, &len, NULL, 0);
miblen = 4;
mallnametomib("arenas.bin.0.size", mib, &miblen);
for (i = 0; i < nbins; i++) {
size_t bin_size;
mib[2] = i;
len = sizeof(bin_size);
mallctlbymib(mib, miblen, &bin_size, &len, NULL, 0);
/* Do something with bin_size... */
}]]></programlisting></para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Experimental API</title>
<para>The experimental API is subject to change or removal without regard
for backward compatibility. If <option>--disable-experimental</option>
is specified during configuration, the experimental API is
omitted.</para>
<para>The <function>allocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>rallocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>sallocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>dallocm<parameter/></function>, and
<function>nallocm<parameter/></function> functions all have a
<parameter>flags</parameter> argument that can be used to specify
options. The functions only check the options that are contextually
relevant. Use bitwise or (<code language="C">|</code>) operations to
specify one or more of the following:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><constant>ALLOCM_LG_ALIGN(<parameter>la</parameter>)
</constant></term>
<listitem><para>Align the memory allocation to start at an address
that is a multiple of <code language="C">(1 &lt;&lt;
<parameter>la</parameter>)</code>. This macro does not validate
that <parameter>la</parameter> is within the valid
range.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><constant>ALLOCM_ALIGN(<parameter>a</parameter>)
</constant></term>
<listitem><para>Align the memory allocation to start at an address
that is a multiple of <parameter>a</parameter>, where
<parameter>a</parameter> is a power of two. This macro does not
validate that <parameter>a</parameter> is a power of 2.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><constant>ALLOCM_ZERO</constant></term>
<listitem><para>Initialize newly allocated memory to contain zero
bytes. In the growing reallocation case, the real size prior to
reallocation defines the boundary between untouched bytes and those
that are initialized to contain zero bytes. If this option is
absent, newly allocated memory is uninitialized.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><constant>ALLOCM_NO_MOVE</constant></term>
<listitem><para>For reallocation, fail rather than moving the
object. This constraint can apply to both growth and
shrinkage.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>The <function>allocm<parameter/></function> function allocates at
least <parameter>size</parameter> bytes of memory, sets
<parameter>*ptr</parameter> to the base address of the allocation, and
sets <parameter>*rsize</parameter> to the real size of the allocation if
<parameter>rsize</parameter> is not <constant>NULL</constant>. Behavior
is undefined if <parameter>size</parameter> is
<constant>0</constant>.</para>
<para>The <function>rallocm<parameter/></function> function resizes the
allocation at <parameter>*ptr</parameter> to be at least
<parameter>size</parameter> bytes, sets <parameter>*ptr</parameter> to
the base address of the allocation if it moved, and sets
<parameter>*rsize</parameter> to the real size of the allocation if
<parameter>rsize</parameter> is not <constant>NULL</constant>. If
<parameter>extra</parameter> is non-zero, an attempt is made to resize
the allocation to be at least <code
language="C"><parameter>size</parameter> +
<parameter>extra</parameter>)</code> bytes, though inability to allocate
the extra byte(s) will not by itself result in failure. Behavior is
undefined if <parameter>size</parameter> is <constant>0</constant>, or if
<code language="C">(<parameter>size</parameter> +
<parameter>extra</parameter> &gt;
<constant>SIZE_T_MAX</constant>)</code>.</para>
<para>The <function>sallocm<parameter/></function> function sets
<parameter>*rsize</parameter> to the real size of the allocation.</para>
<para>The <function>dallocm<parameter/></function> function causes the
memory referenced by <parameter>ptr</parameter> to be made available for
future allocations.</para>
<para>The <function>nallocm<parameter/></function> function allocates no
memory, but it performs the same size computation as the
<function>allocm<parameter/></function> function, and if
<parameter>rsize</parameter> is not <constant>NULL</constant> it sets
<parameter>*rsize</parameter> to the real size of the allocation that
would result from the equivalent <function>allocm<parameter/></function>
function call. Behavior is undefined if
<parameter>size</parameter> is <constant>0</constant>.</para>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="tuning">
<title>TUNING</title>
<para>Once, when the first call is made to one of the memory allocation
routines, the allocator initializes its internals based in part on various
options that can be specified at compile- or run-time.</para>
<para>The string pointed to by the global variable
<varname>malloc_conf</varname>, the &ldquo;name&rdquo; of the file
referenced by the symbolic link named <filename
class="symlink">/etc/malloc.conf</filename>, and the value of the
environment variable <envar>MALLOC_CONF</envar>, will be interpreted, in
that order, from left to right as options.</para>
<para>An options string is a comma-separated list of option:value pairs.
There is one key corresponding to each <link
linkend="opt.abort"><mallctl>opt.*</mallctl></link> mallctl (see the <xref
linkend="mallctl_namespace" xrefstyle="template:%t"/> section for options
documentation). For example, <literal>abort:true,narenas:1</literal> sets
the <link linkend="opt.abort"><mallctl>opt.abort</mallctl></link> and <link
linkend="opt.narenas"><mallctl>opt.narenas</mallctl></link> options. Some
options have boolean values (true/false), others have integer values (base
8, 10, or 16, depending on prefix), and yet others have raw string
values.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="implementation_notes">
<title>IMPLEMENTATION NOTES</title>
<para>Traditionally, allocators have used
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sbrk</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> to obtain memory, which is
suboptimal for several reasons, including race conditions, increased
fragmentation, and artificial limitations on maximum usable memory. If
<option>--enable-dss</option> is specified during configuration, this
allocator uses both <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sbrk</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, in that order of preference;
otherwise only <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used.</para>
<para>This allocator uses multiple arenas in order to reduce lock
contention for threaded programs on multi-processor systems. This works
well with regard to threading scalability, but incurs some costs. There is
a small fixed per-arena overhead, and additionally, arenas manage memory
completely independently of each other, which means a small fixed increase
in overall memory fragmentation. These overheads are not generally an
issue, given the number of arenas normally used. Note that using
substantially more arenas than the default is not likely to improve
performance, mainly due to reduced cache performance. However, it may make
sense to reduce the number of arenas if an application does not make much
use of the allocation functions.</para>
<para>In addition to multiple arenas, unless
<option>--disable-tcache</option> is specified during configuration, this
allocator supports thread-specific caching for small and large objects, in
order to make it possible to completely avoid synchronization for most
allocation requests. Such caching allows very fast allocation in the
common case, but it increases memory usage and fragmentation, since a
bounded number of objects can remain allocated in each thread cache.</para>
<para>Memory is conceptually broken into equal-sized chunks, where the
chunk size is a power of two that is greater than the page size. Chunks
are always aligned to multiples of the chunk size. This alignment makes it
possible to find metadata for user objects very quickly.</para>
<para>User objects are broken into three categories according to size:
small, large, and huge. Small objects are smaller than one page. Large
objects are smaller than the chunk size. Huge objects are a multiple of
the chunk size. Small and large objects are managed by arenas; huge
objects are managed separately in a single data structure that is shared by
all threads. Huge objects are used by applications infrequently enough
that this single data structure is not a scalability issue.</para>
<para>Each chunk that is managed by an arena tracks its contents as runs of
contiguous pages (unused, backing a set of small objects, or backing one
large object). The combination of chunk alignment and chunk page maps
makes it possible to determine all metadata regarding small and large
allocations in constant time.</para>
<para>Small objects are managed in groups by page runs. Each run maintains
a frontier and free list to track which regions are in use. Allocation
requests that are no more than half the quantum (8 or 16, depending on
architecture) are rounded up to the nearest power of two that is at least
<code language="C">sizeof(<type>double</type>)</code>. All other small
object size classes are multiples of the quantum, spaced such that internal
fragmentation is limited to approximately 25% for all but the smallest size
classes. Allocation requests that are larger than the maximum small size
class, but small enough to fit in an arena-managed chunk (see the <link
linkend="opt.lg_chunk"><mallctl>opt.lg_chunk</mallctl></link> option), are
rounded up to the nearest run size. Allocation requests that are too large
to fit in an arena-managed chunk are rounded up to the nearest multiple of
the chunk size.</para>
<para>Allocations are packed tightly together, which can be an issue for
multi-threaded applications. If you need to assure that allocations do not
suffer from cacheline sharing, round your allocation requests up to the
nearest multiple of the cacheline size, or specify cacheline alignment when
allocating.</para>
<para>Assuming 4 MiB chunks, 4 KiB pages, and a 16-byte quantum on a 64-bit
system, the size classes in each category are as shown in <xref
linkend="size_classes" xrefstyle="template:Table %n"/>.</para>
<table xml:id="size_classes" frame="all">
<title>Size classes</title>
<tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="c1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c2" align="right"/>
<colspec colname="c3" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Category</entry>
<entry>Spacing</entry>
<entry>Size</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="6">Small</entry>
<entry>lg</entry>
<entry>[8]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>16</entry>
<entry>[16, 32, 48, ..., 128]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>32</entry>
<entry>[160, 192, 224, 256]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>64</entry>
<entry>[320, 384, 448, 512]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>128</entry>
<entry>[640, 768, 896, 1024]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>256</entry>
<entry>[1280, 1536, 1792, 2048]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>512</entry>
<entry>[2560, 3072, 3584]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Large</entry>
<entry>4 KiB</entry>
<entry>[4 KiB, 8 KiB, 12 KiB, ..., 4072 KiB]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Huge</entry>
<entry>4 MiB</entry>
<entry>[4 MiB, 8 MiB, 12 MiB, ...]</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="mallctl_namespace">
<title>MALLCTL NAMESPACE</title>
<para>The following names are defined in the namespace accessible via the
<function>mallctl*<parameter/></function> functions. Value types are
specified in parentheses, their readable/writable statuses are encoded as
<literal>rw</literal>, <literal>r-</literal>, <literal>-w</literal>, or
<literal>--</literal>, and required build configuration flags follow, if
any. A name element encoded as <literal>&lt;i&gt;</literal> or
<literal>&lt;j&gt;</literal> indicates an integer component, where the
integer varies from 0 to some upper value that must be determined via
introspection. In the case of <mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.*</mallctl>,
<literal>&lt;i&gt;</literal> equal to <link
linkend="arenas.narenas"><mallctl>arenas.narenas</mallctl></link> can be
used to access the summation of statistics from all arenas. Take special
note of the <link linkend="epoch"><mallctl>epoch</mallctl></link> mallctl,
which controls refreshing of cached dynamic statistics.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>version</mallctl>
(<type>const char *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Return the jemalloc version string.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="epoch">
<term>
<mallctl>epoch</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>rw</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>If a value is passed in, refresh the data from which
the <function>mallctl*<parameter/></function> functions report values,
and increment the epoch. Return the current epoch. This is useful for
detecting whether another thread caused a refresh.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.debug</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-debug</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.dss</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-dss</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.fill</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-fill</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.lazy_lock</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-lazy-lock</option> was specified
during build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.prof</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-prof</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.prof_libgcc</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--disable-prof-libgcc</option> was not
specified during build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.prof_libunwind</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-prof-libunwind</option> was specified
during build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.stats</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-stats</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.tcache</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--disable-tcache</option> was not specified
during build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.tls</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--disable-tls</option> was not specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.utrace</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-utrace</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.valgrind</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-valgrind</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>config.xmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para><option>--enable-xmalloc</option> was specified during
build configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.abort">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.abort</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Abort-on-warning enabled/disabled. If true, most
warnings are fatal. The process will call
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>abort</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> in these cases. This option is
disabled by default unless <option>--enable-debug</option> is
specified during configuration, in which case it is enabled by default.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.lg_chunk">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.lg_chunk</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Virtual memory chunk size (log base 2). The default
chunk size is 4 MiB (2^22).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.narenas">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.narenas</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum number of arenas to use. The default maximum
number of arenas is four times the number of CPUs, or one if there is a
single CPU.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.lg_dirty_mult">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.lg_dirty_mult</mallctl>
(<type>ssize_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Per-arena minimum ratio (log base 2) of active to dirty
pages. Some dirty unused pages may be allowed to accumulate, within
the limit set by the ratio (or one chunk worth of dirty pages,
whichever is greater), before informing the kernel about some of those
pages via <citerefentry><refentrytitle>madvise</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> or a similar system call. This
provides the kernel with sufficient information to recycle dirty pages
if physical memory becomes scarce and the pages remain unused. The
default minimum ratio is 32:1 (2^5:1); an option value of -1 will
disable dirty page purging.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.stats_print">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.stats_print</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Enable/disable statistics printing at exit. If
enabled, the <function>malloc_stats_print<parameter/></function>
function is called at program exit via an
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>atexit</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> function. If
<option>--enable-stats</option> is specified during configuration, this
has the potential to cause deadlock for a multi-threaded process that
exits while one or more threads are executing in the memory allocation
functions. Therefore, this option should only be used with care; it is
primarily intended as a performance tuning aid during application
development. This option is disabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.junk">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.junk</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-fill</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Junk filling enabled/disabled. If enabled, each byte
of uninitialized allocated memory will be initialized to
<literal>0xa5</literal>. All deallocated memory will be initialized to
<literal>0x5a</literal>. This is intended for debugging and will
impact performance negatively. This option is disabled by default
unless <option>--enable-debug</option> is specified during
configuration, in which case it is enabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.quarantine">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.quarantine</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-fill</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Per thread quarantine size in bytes. If non-zero, each
thread maintains a FIFO object quarantine that stores up to the
specified number of bytes of memory. The quarantined memory is not
freed until it is released from quarantine, though it is immediately
junk-filled if the <link
linkend="opt.junk"><mallctl>opt.junk</mallctl></link> option is
enabled. This feature is of particular use in combination with <ulink
url="http://http://valgrind.org/">Valgrind</ulink>, which can detect
attempts to access quarantined objects. This is intended for debugging
and will impact performance negatively. The default quarantine size is
0.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.redzone">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.redzone</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-fill</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Redzones enabled/disabled. If enabled, small
allocations have redzones before and after them. Furthermore, if the
<link linkend="opt.junk"><mallctl>opt.junk</mallctl></link> option is
enabled, the redzones are checked for corruption during deallocation.
However, the primary intended purpose of this feature is to be used in
combination with <ulink
url="http://http://valgrind.org/">Valgrind</ulink>, which needs
redzones in order to do effective buffer overflow/underflow detection.
This option is intended for debugging and will impact performance
negatively. This option is disabled by default unless
<option>--enable-debug</option> is specified during configuration, in
which case it is enabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.zero">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.zero</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-fill</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Zero filling enabled/disabled. If enabled, each byte
of uninitialized allocated memory will be initialized to 0. Note that
this initialization only happens once for each byte, so
<function>realloc<parameter/></function> and
<function>rallocm<parameter/></function> calls do not zero memory that
was previously allocated. This is intended for debugging and will
impact performance negatively. This option is disabled by default.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.utrace">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.utrace</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-utrace</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Allocation tracing based on
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>utrace</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> enabled/disabled. This option
is disabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.valgrind">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.valgrind</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-valgrind</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://http://valgrind.org/">Valgrind</ulink> support
enabled/disabled. If enabled, several other options are automatically
modified during options processing to work well with Valgrind: <link
linkend="opt.junk"><mallctl>opt.junk</mallctl></link> and <link
linkend="opt.zero"><mallctl>opt.zero</mallctl></link> are set to false,
<link linkend="opt.quarantine"><mallctl>opt.quarantine</mallctl></link>
is set to 16 MiB, and <link
linkend="opt.redzone"><mallctl>opt.redzone</mallctl></link> is set to
true. This option is disabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.xmalloc">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.xmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-xmalloc</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Abort-on-out-of-memory enabled/disabled. If enabled,
rather than returning failure for any allocation function, display a
diagnostic message on <constant>STDERR_FILENO</constant> and cause the
program to drop core (using
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>abort</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>). If an application is
designed to depend on this behavior, set the option at compile time by
including the following in the source code:
<programlisting language="C"><![CDATA[
malloc_conf = "xmalloc:true";]]></programlisting>
This option is disabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.tcache">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.tcache</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Thread-specific caching enabled/disabled. When there
are multiple threads, each thread uses a thread-specific cache for
objects up to a certain size. Thread-specific caching allows many
allocations to be satisfied without performing any thread
synchronization, at the cost of increased memory use. See the
<link
linkend="opt.lg_tcache_max"><mallctl>opt.lg_tcache_max</mallctl></link>
option for related tuning information. This option is enabled by
default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.lg_tcache_max">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.lg_tcache_max</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum size class (log base 2) to cache in the
thread-specific cache. At a minimum, all small size classes are
cached, and at a maximum all large size classes are cached. The
default maximum is 32 KiB (2^15).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Memory profiling enabled/disabled. If enabled, profile
memory allocation activity, and use an
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>atexit</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> function to dump final memory
usage to a file named according to the pattern
<filename>&lt;prefix&gt;.&lt;pid&gt;.&lt;seq&gt;.f.heap</filename>,
where <literal>&lt;prefix&gt;</literal> is controlled by the <link
linkend="opt.prof_prefix"><mallctl>opt.prof_prefix</mallctl></link>
option. See the <link
linkend="opt.prof_active"><mallctl>opt.prof_active</mallctl></link>
option for on-the-fly activation/deactivation. See the <link
linkend="opt.lg_prof_sample"><mallctl>opt.lg_prof_sample</mallctl></link>
option for probabilistic sampling control. See the <link
linkend="opt.prof_accum"><mallctl>opt.prof_accum</mallctl></link>
option for control of cumulative sample reporting. See the <link
linkend="opt.lg_prof_interval"><mallctl>opt.lg_prof_interval</mallctl></link>
option for information on interval-triggered profile dumping, and the
<link linkend="opt.prof_gdump"><mallctl>opt.prof_gdump</mallctl></link>
option for information on high-water-triggered profile dumping.
Profile output is compatible with the included <command>pprof</command>
Perl script, which originates from the <ulink
url="http://code.google.com/p/google-perftools/">google-perftools
package</ulink>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof_prefix">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof_prefix</mallctl>
(<type>const char *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Filename prefix for profile dumps. If the prefix is
set to the empty string, no automatic dumps will occur; this is
primarily useful for disabling the automatic final heap dump (which
also disables leak reporting, if enabled). The default prefix is
<filename>jeprof</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof_active">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof_active</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Profiling activated/deactivated. This is a secondary
control mechanism that makes it possible to start the application with
profiling enabled (see the <link
linkend="opt.prof"><mallctl>opt.prof</mallctl></link> option) but
inactive, then toggle profiling at any time during program execution
with the <link
linkend="prof.active"><mallctl>prof.active</mallctl></link> mallctl.
This option is enabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.lg_prof_sample">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.lg_prof_sample</mallctl>
(<type>ssize_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Average interval (log base 2) between allocation
samples, as measured in bytes of allocation activity. Increasing the
sampling interval decreases profile fidelity, but also decreases the
computational overhead. The default sample interval is 1 (2^0) (i.e.
all allocations are sampled).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof_accum">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof_accum</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Reporting of cumulative object/byte counts in profile
dumps enabled/disabled. If this option is enabled, every unique
backtrace must be stored for the duration of execution. Depending on
the application, this can impose a large memory overhead, and the
cumulative counts are not always of interest. This option is enabled
by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.lg_prof_interval">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.lg_prof_interval</mallctl>
(<type>ssize_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Average interval (log base 2) between memory profile
dumps, as measured in bytes of allocation activity. The actual
interval between dumps may be sporadic because decentralized allocation
counters are used to avoid synchronization bottlenecks. Profiles are
dumped to files named according to the pattern
<filename>&lt;prefix&gt;.&lt;pid&gt;.&lt;seq&gt;.i&lt;iseq&gt;.heap</filename>,
where <literal>&lt;prefix&gt;</literal> is controlled by the
<link
linkend="opt.prof_prefix"><mallctl>opt.prof_prefix</mallctl></link>
option. By default, interval-triggered profile dumping is disabled
(encoded as -1).
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof_gdump">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof_gdump</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Trigger a memory profile dump every time the total
virtual memory exceeds the previous maximum. Profiles are dumped to
files named according to the pattern
<filename>&lt;prefix&gt;.&lt;pid&gt;.&lt;seq&gt;.u&lt;useq&gt;.heap</filename>,
where <literal>&lt;prefix&gt;</literal> is controlled by the <link
linkend="opt.prof_prefix"><mallctl>opt.prof_prefix</mallctl></link>
option. This option is disabled by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="opt.prof_leak">
<term>
<mallctl>opt.prof_leak</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Leak reporting enabled/disabled. If enabled, use an
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>atexit</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> function to report memory leaks
detected by allocation sampling. See the
<link linkend="opt.prof"><mallctl>opt.prof</mallctl></link> option for
information on analyzing heap profile output. This option is disabled
by default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>thread.arena</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>rw</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Get or set the arena associated with the calling
thread. The arena index must be less than the maximum number of arenas
(see the <link
linkend="arenas.narenas"><mallctl>arenas.narenas</mallctl></link>
mallctl). If the specified arena was not initialized beforehand (see
the <link
linkend="arenas.initialized"><mallctl>arenas.initialized</mallctl></link>
mallctl), it will be automatically initialized as a side effect of
calling this interface.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="thread.allocated">
<term>
<mallctl>thread.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Get the total number of bytes ever allocated by the
calling thread. This counter has the potential to wrap around; it is
up to the application to appropriately interpret the counter in such
cases.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>thread.allocatedp</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Get a pointer to the the value that is returned by the
<link
linkend="thread.allocated"><mallctl>thread.allocated</mallctl></link>
mallctl. This is useful for avoiding the overhead of repeated
<function>mallctl*<parameter/></function> calls.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="thread.deallocated">
<term>
<mallctl>thread.deallocated</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Get the total number of bytes ever deallocated by the
calling thread. This counter has the potential to wrap around; it is
up to the application to appropriately interpret the counter in such
cases.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>thread.deallocatedp</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Get a pointer to the the value that is returned by the
<link
linkend="thread.deallocated"><mallctl>thread.deallocated</mallctl></link>
mallctl. This is useful for avoiding the overhead of repeated
<function>mallctl*<parameter/></function> calls.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>thread.tcache.enabled</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>rw</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Enable/disable calling thread's tcache. The tcache is
implicitly flushed as a side effect of becoming
disabled (see <link
lenkend="thread.tcache.flush"><mallctl>thread.tcache.flush</mallctl></link>).
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>thread.tcache.flush</mallctl>
(<type>void</type>)
<literal>--</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Flush calling thread's tcache. This interface releases
all cached objects and internal data structures associated with the
calling thread's thread-specific cache. Ordinarily, this interface
need not be called, since automatic periodic incremental garbage
collection occurs, and the thread cache is automatically discarded when
a thread exits. However, garbage collection is triggered by allocation
activity, so it is possible for a thread that stops
allocating/deallocating to retain its cache indefinitely, in which case
the developer may find manual flushing useful.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="arenas.narenas">
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.narenas</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum number of arenas.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="arenas.initialized">
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.initialized</mallctl>
(<type>bool *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>An array of <link
linkend="arenas.narenas"><mallctl>arenas.narenas</mallctl></link>
booleans. Each boolean indicates whether the corresponding arena is
initialized.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.quantum</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Quantum size.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.page</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Page size.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.tcache_max</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum thread-cached size class.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.nbins</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of bin size classes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.nhbins</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of thread cache bin size
classes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="arenas.bin.i.size">
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.bin.&lt;i&gt;.size</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum size supported by size class.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.bin.&lt;i&gt;.nregs</mallctl>
(<type>uint32_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of regions per page run.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.bin.&lt;i&gt;.run_size</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of bytes per page run.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.nlruns</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of large size classes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.lrun.&lt;i&gt;.size</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum size supported by this large size
class.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>arenas.purge</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>-w</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Purge unused dirty pages for the specified arena, or
for all arenas if none is specified.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="prof.active">
<term>
<mallctl>prof.active</mallctl>
(<type>bool</type>)
<literal>rw</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Control whether sampling is currently active. See the
<link
linkend="opt.prof_active"><mallctl>opt.prof_active</mallctl></link>
option for additional information.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>prof.dump</mallctl>
(<type>const char *</type>)
<literal>-w</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Dump a memory profile to the specified file, or if NULL
is specified, to a file according to the pattern
<filename>&lt;prefix&gt;.&lt;pid&gt;.&lt;seq&gt;.m&lt;mseq&gt;.heap</filename>,
where <literal>&lt;prefix&gt;</literal> is controlled by the
<link
linkend="opt.prof_prefix"><mallctl>opt.prof_prefix</mallctl></link>
option.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>prof.interval</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-prof</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Average number of bytes allocated between
inverval-based profile dumps. See the
<link
linkend="opt.lg_prof_interval"><mallctl>opt.lg_prof_interval</mallctl></link>
option for additional information.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="stats.cactive">
<term>
<mallctl>stats.cactive</mallctl>
(<type>size_t *</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Pointer to a counter that contains an approximate count
of the current number of bytes in active pages. The estimate may be
high, but never low, because each arena rounds up to the nearest
multiple of the chunk size when computing its contribution to the
counter. Note that the <link
linkend="epoch"><mallctl>epoch</mallctl></link> mallctl has no bearing
on this counter. Furthermore, counter consistency is maintained via
atomic operations, so it is necessary to use an atomic operation in
order to guarantee a consistent read when dereferencing the pointer.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="stats.allocated">
<term>
<mallctl>stats.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of bytes allocated by the
application.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="stats.active">
<term>
<mallctl>stats.active</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of bytes in active pages allocated by the
application. This is a multiple of the page size, and greater than or
equal to <link
linkend="stats.allocated"><mallctl>stats.allocated</mallctl></link>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.mapped</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of bytes in chunks mapped on behalf of the
application. This is a multiple of the chunk size, and is at least as
large as <link
linkend="stats.active"><mallctl>stats.active</mallctl></link>. This
does not include inactive chunks embedded in the DSS.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.chunks.current</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Total number of chunks actively mapped on behalf of the
application. This does not include inactive chunks embedded in the DSS.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.chunks.total</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of chunks allocated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.chunks.high</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Maximum number of active chunks at any time thus far.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.huge.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of bytes currently allocated by huge objects.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.huge.nmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of huge allocation requests.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.huge.ndalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of huge deallocation requests.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.nthreads</mallctl>
(<type>unsigned</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of threads currently assigned to
arena.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.pactive</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of pages in active runs.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.pdirty</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of pages within unused runs that are potentially
dirty, and for which <function>madvise<parameter>...</parameter>
<parameter><constant>MADV_DONTNEED</constant></parameter></function> or
similar has not been called.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.mapped</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of mapped bytes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.npurge</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of dirty page purge sweeps performed.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.nmadvise</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of <function>madvise<parameter>...</parameter>
<parameter><constant>MADV_DONTNEED</constant></parameter></function> or
similar calls made to purge dirty pages.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.npurged</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of pages purged.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.small.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of bytes currently allocated by small objects.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.small.nmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocation requests served by
small bins.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.small.ndalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of small objects returned to bins.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.small.nrequests</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of small allocation requests.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.large.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Number of bytes currently allocated by large objects.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.large.nmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of large allocation requests served
directly by the arena.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.large.ndalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of large deallocation requests served
directly by the arena.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.large.nrequests</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of large allocation requests.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.allocated</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Current number of bytes allocated by
bin.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocations served by bin.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.ndalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocations returned to bin.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nrequests</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocation
requests.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nfills</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option> <option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of tcache fills.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nflushes</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option> <option>--enable-tcache</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of tcache flushes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nruns</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of runs created.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.nreruns</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of times the current run from which
to allocate changed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.bins.&lt;j&gt;.curruns</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Current number of runs.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.lruns.&lt;j&gt;.nmalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocation requests for this size
class served directly by the arena.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.lruns.&lt;j&gt;.ndalloc</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of deallocation requests for this
size class served directly by the arena.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.lruns.&lt;j&gt;.nrequests</mallctl>
(<type>uint64_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Cumulative number of allocation requests for this size
class.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<mallctl>stats.arenas.&lt;i&gt;.lruns.&lt;j&gt;.curruns</mallctl>
(<type>size_t</type>)
<literal>r-</literal>
[<option>--enable-stats</option>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Current number of runs for this size class.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="debugging_malloc_problems">
<title>DEBUGGING MALLOC PROBLEMS</title>
<para>When debugging, it is a good idea to configure/build jemalloc with
the <option>--enable-debug</option> and <option>--enable-fill</option>
options, and recompile the program with suitable options and symbols for
debugger support. When so configured, jemalloc incorporates a wide variety
of run-time assertions that catch application errors such as double-free,
write-after-free, etc.</para>
<para>Programs often accidentally depend on &ldquo;uninitialized&rdquo;
memory actually being filled with zero bytes. Junk filling
(see the <link linkend="opt.junk"><mallctl>opt.junk</mallctl></link>
option) tends to expose such bugs in the form of obviously incorrect
results and/or coredumps. Conversely, zero
filling (see the <link
linkend="opt.zero"><mallctl>opt.zero</mallctl></link> option) eliminates
the symptoms of such bugs. Between these two options, it is usually
possible to quickly detect, diagnose, and eliminate such bugs.</para>
<para>This implementation does not provide much detail about the problems
it detects, because the performance impact for storing such information
would be prohibitive. However, jemalloc does integrate with the most
excellent <ulink url="http://http://valgrind.org/">Valgrind</ulink> tool if
the <option>--enable-valgrind</option> configuration option is enabled and
the <link linkend="opt.valgrind"><mallctl>opt.valgrind</mallctl></link>
option is enabled.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="diagnostic_messages">
<title>DIAGNOSTIC MESSAGES</title>
<para>If any of the memory allocation/deallocation functions detect an
error or warning condition, a message will be printed to file descriptor
<constant>STDERR_FILENO</constant>. Errors will result in the process
dumping core. If the <link
linkend="opt.abort"><mallctl>opt.abort</mallctl></link> option is set, most
warnings are treated as errors.</para>
<para>The <varname>malloc_message</varname> variable allows the programmer
to override the function which emits the text strings forming the errors
and warnings if for some reason the <constant>STDERR_FILENO</constant> file
descriptor is not suitable for this.
<function>malloc_message<parameter/></function> takes the
<parameter>cbopaque</parameter> pointer argument that is
<constant>NULL</constant> unless overridden by the arguments in a call to
<function>malloc_stats_print<parameter/></function>, followed by a string
pointer. Please note that doing anything which tries to allocate memory in
this function is likely to result in a crash or deadlock.</para>
<para>All messages are prefixed by
&ldquo;<computeroutput>&lt;jemalloc&gt;: </computeroutput>&rdquo;.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="return_values">
<title>RETURN VALUES</title>
<refsect2>
<title>Standard API</title>
<para>The <function>malloc<parameter/></function> and
<function>calloc<parameter/></function> functions return a pointer to the
allocated memory if successful; otherwise a <constant>NULL</constant>
pointer is returned and <varname>errno</varname> is set to
<errorname>ENOMEM</errorname>.</para>
<para>The <function>posix_memalign<parameter/></function> function
returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it returns an error value.
The <function>posix_memalign<parameter/></function> function will fail
if:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EINVAL</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>The <parameter>alignment</parameter> parameter is
not a power of 2 at least as large as
<code language="C">sizeof(<type>void *</type>)</code>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ENOMEM</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>Memory allocation error.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>The <function>aligned_alloc<parameter/></function> function returns
a pointer to the allocated memory if successful; otherwise a
<constant>NULL</constant> pointer is returned and
<varname>errno</varname> is set. The
<function>aligned_alloc<parameter/></function> function will fail if:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EINVAL</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>The <parameter>alignment</parameter> parameter is
not a power of 2.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ENOMEM</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>Memory allocation error.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>The <function>realloc<parameter/></function> function returns a
pointer, possibly identical to <parameter>ptr</parameter>, to the
allocated memory if successful; otherwise a <constant>NULL</constant>
pointer is returned, and <varname>errno</varname> is set to
<errorname>ENOMEM</errorname> if the error was the result of an
allocation failure. The <function>realloc<parameter/></function>
function always leaves the original buffer intact when an error occurs.
</para>
<para>The <function>free<parameter/></function> function returns no
value.</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Non-standard API</title>
<para>The <function>malloc_usable_size<parameter/></function> function
returns the usable size of the allocation pointed to by
<parameter>ptr</parameter>. </para>
<para>The <function>mallctl<parameter/></function>,
<function>mallctlnametomib<parameter/></function>, and
<function>mallctlbymib<parameter/></function> functions return 0 on
success; otherwise they return an error value. The functions will fail
if:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EINVAL</errorname></term>
<listitem><para><parameter>newp</parameter> is not
<constant>NULL</constant>, and <parameter>newlen</parameter> is too
large or too small. Alternatively, <parameter>*oldlenp</parameter>
is too large or too small; in this case as much data as possible
are read despite the error.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ENOMEM</errorname></term>
<listitem><para><parameter>*oldlenp</parameter> is too short to
hold the requested value.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ENOENT</errorname></term>
<listitem><para><parameter>name</parameter> or
<parameter>mib</parameter> specifies an unknown/invalid
value.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EPERM</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>Attempt to read or write void value, or attempt to
write read-only value.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EAGAIN</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>A memory allocation failure
occurred.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>EFAULT</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>An interface with side effects failed in some way
not directly related to <function>mallctl*<parameter/></function>
read/write processing.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Experimental API</title>
<para>The <function>allocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>rallocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>sallocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>dallocm<parameter/></function>, and
<function>nallocm<parameter/></function> functions return
<constant>ALLOCM_SUCCESS</constant> on success; otherwise they return an
error value. The <function>allocm<parameter/></function>,
<function>rallocm<parameter/></function>, and
<function>nallocm<parameter/></function> functions will fail if:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ALLOCM_ERR_OOM</errorname></term>
<listitem><para>Out of memory. Insufficient contiguous memory was
available to service the allocation request. The
<function>allocm<parameter/></function> function additionally sets
<parameter>*ptr</parameter> to <constant>NULL</constant>, whereas
the <function>rallocm<parameter/></function> function leaves
<constant>*ptr</constant> unmodified.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
The <function>rallocm<parameter/></function> function will also
fail if:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><errorname>ALLOCM_ERR_NOT_MOVED</errorname></term>
<listitem><para><constant>ALLOCM_NO_MOVE</constant> was specified,
but the reallocation request could not be serviced without moving
the object.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="environment">
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
<para>The following environment variable affects the execution of the
allocation functions:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><envar>MALLOC_CONF</envar></term>
<listitem><para>If the environment variable
<envar>MALLOC_CONF</envar> is set, the characters it contains
will be interpreted as options.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="examples">
<title>EXAMPLES</title>
<para>To dump core whenever a problem occurs:
<screen>ln -s 'abort:true' /etc/malloc.conf</screen>
</para>
<para>To specify in the source a chunk size that is 16 MiB:
<programlisting language="C"><![CDATA[
malloc_conf = "lg_chunk:24";]]></programlisting></para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="see_also">
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>madvise</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sbrk</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>utrace</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alloca</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>atexit</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpagesize</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry></para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id="standards">
<title>STANDARDS</title>
<para>The <function>malloc<parameter/></function>,
<function>calloc<parameter/></function>,
<function>realloc<parameter/></function>, and
<function>free<parameter/></function> functions conform to ISO/IEC
9899:1990 (&ldquo;ISO C90&rdquo;).</para>
<para>The <function>posix_memalign<parameter/></function> function conforms
to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (&ldquo;POSIX.1&rdquo;).</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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