Expand and restructure the rtree API such that all common operations can
be achieved with minimal work, regardless of whether the rtree leaf
fields are independent versus packed into a single atomic pointer.
This allows leaf elements to differ in size from internal node elements.
In principle it would be more correct to use a different type for each
level of the tree, but due to implementation details related to atomic
operations, we use casts anyway, thus counteracting the value of
additional type correctness. Furthermore, such a scheme would require
function code generation (via cpp macros), as well as either unwieldy
type names for leaves or type aliases, e.g.
typedef struct rtree_elm_d2_s rtree_leaf_elm_t;
This alternate strategy would be more correct, and with less code
duplication, but probably not worth the complexity.
Rather than storing usize only for large (and prof-promoted)
allocations, store the size class index for allocations that reside
within the extent, such that the size class index is valid for all
extents that contain extant allocations, and invalid otherwise (mainly
to make debugging simpler).
Split decay-based purging into two phases, the first of which uses lazy
purging to convert dirty pages to "muzzy", and the second of which uses
forced purging, decommit, or unmapping to convert pages to clean or
destroy them altogether. Not all operating systems support lazy
purging, yet the application may provide extent hooks that implement
lazy purging, so care must be taken to dynamically omit the first phase
when necessary.
The mallctl interfaces change as follows:
- opt.decay_time --> opt.{dirty,muzzy}_decay_time
- arena.<i>.decay_time --> arena.<i>.{dirty,muzzy}_decay_time
- arenas.decay_time --> arenas.{dirty,muzzy}_decay_time
- stats.arenas.<i>.pdirty --> stats.arenas.<i>.p{dirty,muzzy}
- stats.arenas.<i>.{npurge,nmadvise,purged} -->
stats.arenas.<i>.{dirty,muzzy}_{npurge,nmadvise,purged}
This resolves#521.
Refactor most of the decay-related functions to take as parameters the
decay_t and associated extents_t structures to operate on. This
prepares for supporting both lazy and forced purging on different decay
schedules.
These were all size_ts, so we have atomics support for them on all platforms, so
the conversion is straightforward.
Left non-atomic is curlextents, which AFAICT is not used atomically anywhere.
I expect this to be the trickiest conversion we will see, since we want atomics
on 64-bit platforms, but are also always able to piggyback on some sort of
external synchronization on non-64 bit platforms.
In the process, I changed the implementation of rtree_elm_acquire so that it
won't even try to CAS if its initial read (getting the extent + lock bit)
indicates that the CAS is doomed to fail. This can significantly improve
performance under contention.
The new feature, opt.percpu_arena, determines thread-arena association
dynamically based CPU id. Three modes are supported: "percpu", "phycpu"
and disabled.
"percpu" uses the current core id (with help from sched_getcpu())
directly as the arena index, while "phycpu" will assign threads on the
same physical CPU to the same arena. In other words, "percpu" means # of
arenas == # of CPUs, while "phycpu" has # of arenas == 1/2 * (# of
CPUs). Note that no runtime check on whether hyper threading is enabled
is added yet.
When enabled, threads will be migrated between arenas when a CPU change
is detected. In the current design, to reduce overhead from reading CPU
id, each arena tracks the thread accessed most recently. When a new
thread comes in, we will read CPU id and update arena if necessary.
When witness is enabled, lock rank order needs to be preserved during
prefork, not only for each arena, but also across arenas. This change
breaks arena_prefork into further stages to ensure valid rank order
across arenas. Also changed test/unit/fork to use a manual arena to
catch this case.
In the process, we can do some strength reduction, changing the fetch-adds and
fetch-subs to be simple loads followed by stores, since the modifications all
occur while holding the mutex.
The C11 atomics backport removed this #define, which degraded atomic 64-bit
reads to require a lock even on platforms that support them. This commit fixes
that.
This fixes tcache_flush for manual tcaches, which wasn't able to find
the correct arena it associated with. Also changed the decay test to
cover this case (by using manually created arenas).
These functions select the easiest-to-remove element in the heap, which
is either the most recently inserted aux list element or the root. If
no calls are made to first() or remove_first(), the behavior (and time
complexity) is the same as for a LIFO queue.
Rather than purging uncoalesced extents, perform just enough incremental
coalescing to purge only fully coalesced extents. In the absence of
cached extent reuse, the immediate versus delayed incremental purging
algorithms result in the same purge order.
This resolves#655.
In the C11 atomics backport, we couldn't use not_reached() in
atomic_enum_to_builtin (in atomic_gcc_atomic.h), since atomic.h was hermetic and
assert.h wasn't; there was a dependency issue. assert.h is hermetic now, so we
can include it.
This is the first header refactoring diff, #533. It splits the assert and util
components into separate, hermetic, header files. In the process, it splits out
two of the large sub-components of util (the stdio.h replacement, and bit
manipulation routines) into their own components (malloc_io.h and bit_util.h).
This is mostly to break up cyclic dependencies, but it also breaks off a good
chunk of the catch-all-ness of util, which is nice.
Convert the nrequests field to be partially derived, and the curlextents
to be fully derived, in order to reduce the number of stats updates
needed during common operations.
This change affects ndalloc stats during arena reset, because it is no
longer possible to cancel out ndalloc effects (curlextents would become
negative).
This introduces a backport of C11 atomics. It has four implementations; ranked
in order of preference, they are:
- GCC/Clang __atomic builtins
- GCC/Clang __sync builtins
- MSVC _Interlocked builtins
- C11 atomics, from <stdatomic.h>
The primary advantages are:
- Close adherence to the standard API gives us a defined memory model.
- Type safety: atomic objects are now separate types from non-atomic ones, so
that it's impossible to mix up atomic and non-atomic updates (which is
undefined behavior that compilers are starting to take advantage of).
- Efficiency: we can specify ordering for operations, avoiding fences and
atomic operations on strongly ordered architectures (example:
`atomic_write_u32(ptr, val);` involves a CAS loop, whereas
`atomic_store(ptr, val, ATOMIC_RELEASE);` is a plain store.
This diff leaves in the current atomics API (implementing them in terms of the
backport). This lets us transition uses over piecemeal.
Testing:
This is by nature hard to test. I've manually tested the first three options on
Linux on gcc by futzing with the #defines manually, on freebsd with gcc and
clang, on MSVC, and on OS X with clang. All of these were x86 machines though,
and we don't have any test infrastructure set up for non-x86 platforms.
In the long term, we'll transition to C99-style inline semantics. In the
short-term, this will allow both styles to coexist without breaking one another.
Remove obsolete unit test scaffolding for extent quantization. Remove
redundant assertions. Add an assertion to
extents_first_best_fit_locked() that should help prevent aligned
allocation regressions.
We don't touch witness at all when config_debug == false. Let's only pay the
memory cost in malloc_mutex_s when needed. Note that when !config_debug, we keep
the field in a union so that we don't have to do #ifdefs in multiple places.
Extent splitting and coalescing is a major component of large allocation
overhead, and disabling coalescing of cached extents provides a simple
and effective hysteresis mechanism. Once two-phase purging is
implemented, it will probably make sense to leave coalescing disabled
for the first phase, but coalesce during the second phase.
This avoids a gcc diagnostic note:
note: The ABI for passing parameters with 64-byte alignment has
changed in GCC 4.6
This note related to the cacheline alignment of rtree_ctx_t, which was
introduced by 4a346f5593 (Replace rtree
path cache with LRU cache.).
Fix rtree_subkey() to use uintptr_t rather than unsigned for key
bitmasking. This regression was introduced by
4a346f5593 (Replace rtree path cache with
LRU cache.).
