This effectively reverts 97c04a9383 (Use
first-fit rather than first-best-fit run/chunk allocation.). In some
pathological cases, first-fit search dominates allocation time, and it
also tends not to converge as readily on a steady state of memory
layout, since precise allocation order has a bigger effect than for
first-best-fit.
Fix size class overflow handling for malloc(), posix_memalign(),
memalign(), calloc(), and realloc() when profiling is enabled.
Remove an assertion that erroneously caused arena_sdalloc() to fail when
profiling was enabled.
This resolves#232.
Take into account large_pad when computing whether to pass the
deallocation request to tcache_dalloc_large(), so that the largest
cacheable size makes it back to tcache. This regression was introduced
by 8a03cf039c (Implement cache index
randomization for large allocations.).
Extract szad size quantization into {extent,run}_quantize(), and .
quantize szad run sizes to the union of valid small region run sizes and
large run sizes.
Refactor iteration in arena_run_first_fit() to use
run_quantize{,_first,_next(), and add support for padded large runs.
For large allocations that have no specified alignment constraints,
compute a pseudo-random offset from the beginning of the first backing
page that is a multiple of the cache line size. Under typical
configurations with 4-KiB pages and 64-byte cache lines this results in
a uniform distribution among 64 page boundary offsets.
Add the --disable-cache-oblivious option, primarily intended for
performance testing.
This resolves#13.
Add mallctls:
- arenas.lg_dirty_mult is initialized via opt.lg_dirty_mult, and can be
modified to change the initial lg_dirty_mult setting for newly created
arenas.
- arena.<i>.lg_dirty_mult controls an individual arena's dirty page
purging threshold, and synchronously triggers any purging that may be
necessary to maintain the constraint.
- arena.<i>.chunk.purge allows the per arena dirty page purging function
to be replaced.
This resolves#93.
This tends to more effectively pack active memory toward low addresses.
However, additional tree searches are required in many cases, so whether
this change stands the test of time will depend on real-world
benchmarks.
Rename "dirty chunks" to "cached chunks", in order to avoid overloading
the term "dirty".
Fix the regression caused by 339c2b23b2
(Fix chunk_unmap() to propagate dirty state.), and actually address what
that change attempted, which is to only purge chunks once, and propagate
whether zeroed pages resulted into chunk_record().
Extend per arena unused dirty page purging to manage unused dirty chunks
in aaddtion to unused dirty runs. Rather than immediately unmapping
deallocated chunks (or purging them in the --disable-munmap case), store
them in a separate set of trees, chunks_[sz]ad_dirty. Preferrentially
allocate dirty chunks. When excessive unused dirty pages accumulate,
purge runs and chunks in ingegrated LRU order (and unmap chunks in the
--enable-munmap case).
Refactor extent_node_t to provide accessor functions.
This regression was introduced by
88fef7ceda (Refactor huge_*() calls into
arena internals.), and went undetected because of the --enable-debug
regression.
This regression was introduced by
88fef7ceda (Refactor huge_*() calls into
arena internals.), and went undetected because of the --enable-debug
regression.
Although exceedingly unlikely, it appears that writes to the prof_tctx
field of arena_chunk_map_misc_t could be reordered such that a stale
value could be read during deallocation, with profiler metadata
corruption and invalid pointer dereferences being the most likely
effects.
Migrate all centralized data structures related to huge allocations and
recyclable chunks into arena_t, so that each arena can manage huge
allocations and recyclable virtual memory completely independently of
other arenas.
Add chunk node caching to arenas, in order to avoid contention on the
base allocator.
Use chunks_rtree to look up huge allocations rather than a red-black
tree. Maintain a per arena unsorted list of huge allocations (which
will be needed to enumerate huge allocations during arena reset).
Remove the --enable-ivsalloc option, make ivsalloc() always available,
and use it for size queries if --enable-debug is enabled. The only
practical implications to this removal are that 1) ivsalloc() is now
always available during live debugging (and the underlying radix tree is
available during core-based debugging), and 2) size query validation can
no longer be enabled independent of --enable-debug.
Remove the stats.chunks.{current,total,high} mallctls, and replace their
underlying statistics with simpler atomically updated counters used
exclusively for gdump triggering. These statistics are no longer very
useful because each arena manages chunks independently, and per arena
statistics provide similar information.
Simplify chunk synchronization code, now that base chunk allocation
cannot cause recursive lock acquisition.
Add the MALLOCX_TCACHE() and MALLOCX_TCACHE_NONE macros, which can be
used in conjunction with the *allocx() API.
Add the tcache.create, tcache.flush, and tcache.destroy mallctls.
This resolves#145.
There are three categories of metadata:
- Base allocations are used for bootstrap-sensitive internal allocator
data structures.
- Arena chunk headers comprise pages which track the states of the
non-metadata pages.
- Internal allocations differ from application-originated allocations
in that they are for internal use, and that they are omitted from heap
profiles.
The metadata statistics comprise the metadata categories as follows:
- stats.metadata: All metadata -- base + arena chunk headers + internal
allocations.
- stats.arenas.<i>.metadata.mapped: Arena chunk headers.
- stats.arenas.<i>.metadata.allocated: Internal allocations. This is
reported separately from the other metadata statistics because it
overlaps with the allocated and active statistics, whereas the other
metadata statistics do not.
Base allocations are not reported separately, though their magnitude can
be computed by subtracting the arena-specific metadata.
This resolves#163.
Add per size class huge allocation statistics, and normalize various
stats:
- Change the arenas.nlruns type from size_t to unsigned.
- Add the arenas.nhchunks and arenas.hchunks.<i>.size mallctl's.
- Replace the stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.allocated mallctl with
stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.curregs .
- Add the stats.arenas.<i>.hchunks.<j>.nmalloc,
stats.arenas.<i>.hchunks.<j>.ndalloc,
stats.arenas.<i>.hchunks.<j>.nrequests, and
stats.arenas.<i>.hchunks.<j>.curhchunks mallctl's.
Remove code in arena_dalloc_bin_run() that preserved the "clean" state
of trailing clean pages by splitting them into a separate run during
deallocation. This was a useful mechanism for reducing dirty page
churn when bin runs comprised many pages, but bin runs are now quite
small.
Remove the nextind field from arena_run_t now that it is no longer
needed, and change arena_run_t's bin field (arena_bin_t *) to binind
(index_t). These two changes remove 8 bytes of chunk header overhead
per page, which saves 1/512 of all arena chunk memory.
Add:
--with-lg-page
--with-lg-page-sizes
--with-lg-size-class-group
--with-lg-quantum
Get rid of STATIC_PAGE_SHIFT, in favor of directly setting LG_PAGE.
Fix various edge conditions exposed by the configure options.
Abstract arenas access to use arena_get() (or a0get() where appropriate)
rather than directly reading e.g. arenas[ind]. Prior to the addition of
the arenas.extend mallctl, the worst possible outcome of directly
accessing arenas was a stale read, but arenas.extend may allocate and
assign a new array to arenas.
Add a tsd-based arenas_cache, which amortizes arenas reads. This
introduces some subtle bootstrapping issues, with tsd_boot() now being
split into tsd_boot[01]() to support tsd wrapper allocation
bootstrapping, as well as an arenas_cache_bypass tsd variable which
dynamically terminates allocation of arenas_cache itself.
Promote a0malloc(), a0calloc(), and a0free() to be generally useful for
internal allocation, and use them in several places (more may be
appropriate).
Abstract arena->nthreads management and fix a missing decrement during
thread destruction (recent tsd refactoring left arenas_cleanup()
unused).
Change arena_choose() to propagate OOM, and handle OOM in all callers.
This is important for providing consistent allocation behavior when the
MALLOCX_ARENA() flag is being used. Prior to this fix, it was possible
for an OOM to result in allocation silently allocating from a different
arena than the one specified.
Normalize size classes to use the same number of size classes per size
doubling (currently hard coded to 4), across the intire range of size
classes. Small size classes already used this spacing, but in order to
support this change, additional small size classes now fill [4 KiB .. 16
KiB). Large size classes range from [16 KiB .. 4 MiB). Huge size
classes now support non-multiples of the chunk size in order to fill (4
MiB .. 16 MiB).
This adds support for expanding huge allocations in-place by requesting
memory at a specific address from the chunk allocator.
It's currently only implemented for the chunk recycling path, although
in theory it could also be done by optimistically allocating new chunks.
On Linux, it could attempt an in-place mremap. However, that won't work
in practice since the heap is grown downwards and memory is not unmapped
(in a normal build, at least).
Repeated vector reallocation micro-benchmark:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
void *ptr = NULL;
size_t old_size = 0;
for (size_t size = 4; size < (1 << 30); size *= 2) {
ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
if (!ptr) return 1;
memset(ptr + old_size, 0xff, size - old_size);
old_size = size;
}
free(ptr);
}
}
The glibc allocator fails to do any in-place reallocations on this
benchmark once it passes the M_MMAP_THRESHOLD (default 128k) but it
elides the cost of copies via mremap, which is currently not something
that jemalloc can use.
With this improvement, jemalloc still fails to do any in-place huge
reallocations for the first outer loop, but then succeeds 100% of the
time for the remaining 99 iterations. The time spent doing allocations
and copies drops down to under 5%, with nearly all of it spent doing
purging + faulting (when huge pages are disabled) and the array memset.
An improved mremap API (MREMAP_RETAIN - #138) would be far more general
but this is a portable optimization and would still be useful on Linux
for xallocx.
Numbers with transparent huge pages enabled:
glibc (copies elided via MREMAP_MAYMOVE): 8.471s
jemalloc: 17.816s
jemalloc + no-op madvise: 13.236s
jemalloc + this commit: 6.787s
jemalloc + this commit + no-op madvise: 6.144s
Numbers with transparent huge pages disabled:
glibc (copies elided via MREMAP_MAYMOVE): 15.403s
jemalloc: 39.456s
jemalloc + no-op madvise: 12.768s
jemalloc + this commit: 15.534s
jemalloc + this commit + no-op madvise: 6.354s
Closes#137
Move small run metadata into the arena chunk header, with multiple
expected benefits:
- Lower run fragmentation due to reduced run sizes; runs are more likely
to completely drain when there are fewer total regions.
- Improved cache behavior. Prior to this change, run headers were
always page-aligned, which put extra pressure on some CPU cache sets.
The degree to which this was a problem was hardware dependent, but it
likely hurt some even for the most advanced modern hardware.
- Buffer overruns/underruns are less likely to corrupt allocator
metadata.
- Size classes between 4 KiB and 16 KiB become reasonable to support
without any special handling, and the runs are small enough that dirty
unused pages aren't a significant concern.
This adds a new `sdallocx` function to the external API, allowing the
size to be passed by the caller. It avoids some extra reads in the
thread cache fast path. In the case where stats are enabled, this
avoids the work of calculating the size from the pointer.
An assertion validates the size that's passed in, so enabling debugging
will allow users of the API to debug cases where an incorrect size is
passed in.
The performance win for a contrived microbenchmark doing an allocation
and immediately freeing it is ~10%. It may have a different impact on a
real workload.
Closes#28
Optimize [nmd]alloc() fast paths such that the (flags == 0) case is
streamlined, flags decoding only happens to the minimum degree
necessary, and no conditionals are repeated.
Rename data structures (prof_thr_cnt_t-->prof_tctx_t,
prof_ctx_t-->prof_gctx_t), and convert to storing a prof_tctx_t for
sampled objects.
Convert PROF_ALLOC_PREP() to prof_alloc_prep(), since precise backtrace
depth within jemalloc functions is no longer an issue (pprof prunes
irrelevant frames).
Implement mallctl's:
- prof.reset implements full sample data reset, and optional change of
sample interval.
- prof.lg_sample reads the current sample interval (opt.lg_prof_sample
was the permanent source of truth prior to prof.reset).
- thread.prof.name provides naming capability for threads within heap
profile dumps.
- thread.prof.active makes it possible to activate/deactivate heap
profiling for individual threads.
Modify the heap dump files to contain per thread heap profile data.
This change is incompatible with the existing pprof, which will require
enhancements to read and process the enriched data.
Fix runs_dirty-based purging to also purge dirty pages in the spare
chunk.
Refactor runs_dirty manipulation into arena_dirty_{insert,remove}(), and
move the arena->ndirty accounting into those functions.
Remove the u.ql_link field from arena_chunk_map_t, and get rid of the
enclosing union for u.rb_link, since only rb_link remains.
Remove the ndirty field from arena_chunk_t.
Some platforms (like those using Newlib) don't have ffs/ffsl. This
commit adds a check to configure.ac for __builtin_ffsl if ffsl isn't
found. __builtin_ffsl performs the same function as ffsl, and has the
added benefit of being available on any platform utilizing
Gcc-compatible compiler.
This change does not address the used of ffs in the MALLOCX_ARENA()
macro.
Add size class computation capability, currently used only as validation
of the size class lookup tables. Generalize the size class spacing used
for bins, for eventual use throughout the full range of allocation
sizes.
Refactor huge allocation to be managed by arenas (though the global
red-black tree of huge allocations remains for lookup during
deallocation). This is the logical conclusion of recent changes that 1)
made per arena dss precedence apply to huge allocation, and 2) made it
possible to replace the per arena chunk allocation/deallocation
functions.
Remove the top level huge stats, and replace them with per arena huge
stats.
Normalize function names and types to *dalloc* (some were *dealloc*).
Remove the --enable-mremap option. As jemalloc currently operates, this
is a performace regression for some applications, but planned work to
logarithmically space huge size classes should provide similar amortized
performance. The motivation for this change was that mremap-based huge
reallocation forced leaky abstractions that prevented refactoring.
Add new mallctl endpoints "arena<i>.chunk.alloc" and
"arena<i>.chunk.dealloc" to allow userspace to configure
jemalloc's chunk allocator and deallocator on a per-arena
basis.
Make dss non-optional on all platforms which support sbrk(2).
Fix the "arena.<i>.dss" mallctl to return an error if "primary" or
"secondary" precedence is specified, but sbrk(2) is not supported.
Make promotion of sampled small objects to large objects mandatory, so
that profiling metadata can always be stored in the chunk map, rather
than requiring one pointer per small region in each small-region page
run. In practice the non-prof-promote code was only useful when using
jemalloc to track all objects and report them as leaks at program exit.
However, Valgrind is at least as good a tool for this particular use
case.
Furthermore, the non-prof-promote code is getting in the way of
some optimizations that will make heap profiling much cheaper for the
predominant use case (sampling a small representative proportion of all
allocations).
When you call free() we load chunk->arena even though that
data isn't used on the tcache hot path.
In profiling some FB applications, I found that ~30% of the
dTLB misses in the free() function come from this line. With
4 MB chunks, the arena_chunk_t->map is ~ 32 KB (1024 pages
in the chunk, 4 8 byte pointers in arena_chunk_map_t). This
means there's only a 1/8 chance of the page containing
chunk->arena also comtaining the map bits.
Refactor overly large functions by breaking out helper functions.
Refactor overly complex multi-purpose functions into separate more
specific functions.
Extract profiling code from malloc(), imemalign(), calloc(), realloc(),
mallocx(), rallocx(), and xallocx(). This slightly reduces the amount
of code compiled into the fast paths, but the primary benefit is the
combinatorial complexity reduction.
Simplify iralloc[t]() by creating a separate ixalloc() that handles the
no-move cases.
Further simplify [mrxn]allocx() (and by implication [mrn]allocm()) to
make request size overflows due to size class and/or alignment
constraints trigger undefined behavior (detected by debug-only
assertions).
Report ENOMEM rather than EINVAL if an OOM occurs during heap profiling
backtrace creation in imemalign(). This bug impacted posix_memalign()
and aligned_alloc().
Verify that freed regions are quarantined, and that redzone corruption
is detected.
Introduce a testing idiom for intercepting/replacing internal functions.
In this case the replaced function is ordinarily a static function, but
the idiom should work similarly for library-private functions.
Refactor such that arena_prof_ctx_set() receives usize as an argument,
and use it to determine whether to handle ptr as a small region, rather
than reading the chunk page map.
Purge unused dirty pages in an order that first performs clean/dirty run
defragmentation, in order to mitigate available run fragmentation.
Remove the limitation that prevented purging unless at least one chunk
worth of dirty pages had accumulated in an arena. This limitation was
intended to avoid excessive purging for small applications, but the
threshold was arbitrary, and the effect of questionable utility.
Relax opt_lg_dirty_mult from 5 to 3. This compensates for increased
likelihood of allocating clean runs, given the same ratio of clean:dirty
runs, and reduces the potential for repeated purging in pathological
large malloc/free loops that push the active:dirty page ratio just over
the purge threshold.
Add the "arenas.extend" mallctl, so that it is possible to create new
arenas that are outside the set that jemalloc automatically multiplexes
threads onto.
Add the ALLOCM_ARENA() flag for {,r,d}allocm(), so that it is possible
to explicitly allocate from a particular arena.
Add the "opt.dss" mallctl, which controls the default precedence of dss
allocation relative to mmap allocation.
Add the "arena.<i>.dss" mallctl, which makes it possible to set the
default dss precedence on a per arena or global basis.
Add the "arena.<i>.purge" mallctl, which obsoletes "arenas.purge".
Add the "stats.arenas.<i>.dss" mallctl.
Refactor code such that arena_mapbits_{large,small}_set() always
preserves the unzeroed flag, and manually manipulate the unzeroed flag
in the one case where it actually gets reset (in arena_chunk_purge()).
This fixes unzeroed preservation bugs in arena_run_split() and
arena_ralloc_large_grow(). These bugs caused large calloc() to return
non-zeroed memory under some circumstances.
Further optimize arena_salloc() to only look at the binind chunk map
bits in the common case.
Add more sanity checks to arena_salloc() that detect chunk map
inconsistencies for large allocations (whether due to allocator bugs or
application bugs).
Embed the bin index for small page runs into the chunk page map, in
order to omit [...] in the following dependent load sequence:
ptr-->mapelm-->[run-->bin-->]bin_info
Move various non-critcal code out of the inlined function chain into
helper functions (tcache_event_hard(), arena_dalloc_small(), and
locking).
Normalize arena_palloc(), chunk_alloc_mmap_slow(), and
chunk_recycle_dss() to use the same algorithm for trimming
over-allocation.
Add the ALIGNMENT_ADDR2BASE(), ALIGNMENT_ADDR2OFFSET(), and
ALIGNMENT_CEILING() macros, and use them where appropriate.
Remove the run_size_p parameter from sa2u().
Fix a potential deadlock in chunk_recycle_dss() that was introduced by
eae269036c (Add alignment support to
chunk_alloc()).
Implement Valgrind support, as well as the redzone and quarantine
features, which help Valgrind detect memory errors. Redzones are only
implemented for small objects because the changes necessary to support
redzones around large and huge objects are complicated by in-place
reallocation, to the point that it isn't clear that the maintenance
burden is worth the incremental improvement to Valgrind support.
Merge arena_salloc() and arena_salloc_demote().
Refactor i[v]salloc() to expose the 'demote' option.
s/PAGE_SHIFT/LG_PAGE/g and s/PAGE_SIZE/PAGE/g.
Remove remnants of the dynamic-page-shift code.
Rename the "arenas.pagesize" mallctl to "arenas.page".
Remove the "arenas.chunksize" mallctl, which is redundant with
"opt.lg_chunk".
glibc uses memalign()/free() to allocate/deallocate TLS, which means
that it is unsafe to set TLS variables as a side effect of free() --
they may already be deallocated. Work around this by avoiding
tcache_create() within free().
Reported by Mike Hommey.
Implement tsd, which is a TLS/TSD abstraction that uses one or both
internally. Modify bootstrapping such that no tsd's are utilized until
allocation is safe.
Remove malloc_[v]tprintf(), and use malloc_snprintf() instead.
Fix %p argument size handling in malloc_vsnprintf().
Fix a long-standing statistics-related bug in the "thread.arena"
mallctl that could cause crashes due to linked list corruption.
Acquire/release arena bin locks as part of the prefork/postfork. This
bug made deadlock in the child between fork and exec a possibility.
Split jemalloc_postfork() into jemalloc_postfork_{parent,child}() so
that the child can reinitialize mutexes rather than unlocking them. In
practice, this bug tended not to cause problems.
Program-generate small size class tables for all valid combinations of
LG_TINY_MIN, LG_QUANTUM, and PAGE_SHIFT. Use the appropriate table to generate
all relevant data structures, and remove the distinction between
tiny/quantum/cacheline/subpage bins.
Remove --enable-dynamic-page-shift. This option didn't prove useful in
practice, and it prevented optimizations.
Add Tilera architecture support.
When tiny size class support was first added, it was intended to support
truly tiny size classes (even 2 bytes). However, this wasn't very
useful in practice, so the minimum tiny size class has been limited to
sizeof(void *) for a long time now. This is too small to be standards
compliant, but other commonly used malloc implementations do not even
bother using a 16-byte quantum on systems with vector units (SSE2+,
AltiVEC, etc.). As such, it is safe in practice to support an 8-byte
tiny size class on 64-bit systems that support 16-byte types.
tcache_get() is inlined, so do the config_tcache check inside
tcache_get() and simplify its callers.
Make arena_malloc() an inline function, since it is part of the malloc()
fast path.
Remove conditional logic that cause build issues if --disable-tcache was
specified.
Remove structure magic, because 1) it is no longer conditional, and 2)
it stopped being very effective at detecting memory corruption several
years ago.
Convert configuration-related cpp conditional logic to use static
constant variables, e.g.:
#ifdef JEMALLOC_DEBUG
[...]
#endif
becomes:
if (config_debug) {
[...]
}
The advantage is clearer, more concise code. The main disadvantage is
that data structures no longer have conditionally defined fields, so
they pay the cost of all fields regardless of whether they are used. In
practice, this is only a minor concern; config_stats will go away in an
upcoming change, and config_prof is the only other major feature that
depends on more than a few special-purpose fields.
